BIOCHEMISTRY

UNIT I

Biomolecules 

Introduction, classification, chemical nature and biological role of carbohydrate, lipids, nucleic acids, amino acids and proteins. 

Bioenergetics 

Concept of free energy, endergonic and exergonic reaction, Relationship between free energy, enthalpy and entropy; Redox potential. Energy rich compounds; classification; biological significances of ATP and cyclic AMP 

UNIT II 

Carbohydrate metabolism 

Glycolysis – Pathway, energetics and significance 

Citric acid cycle- Pathway, energetics and significance 

HMP shunt and its significance; Glucose-6-Phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency 

Glycogen metabolism Pathways and glycogen storage diseases (GSD) 

Gluconeogenesis- Pathway and its significance 

Hormonal regulation of blood glucose level and Diabetes mellitus 

Biological oxidation 

Electron transport chain (ETC) and its mechanism.

Oxidative phosphorylation & its mechanism and substrate phosphorylation Inhibitors ETC and oxidative phosphorylation/Uncouplers level 

UNIT III 

Lipid metabolism 

β-Oxidation of saturated fatty acid (Palmitic acid)

Formation and utilization of ketone bodies; ketoacidosis 

De novo synthesis of fatty acids (Palmitic acid) 

Biological significance of cholesterol and conversion of cholesterol into bile acids, steroid hormone and vitamin D 

Disorders of lipid metabolism: Hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, fatty liver and obesity. 

Amino acid metabolism 

General reactions of amino acid metabolism: Transamination, deamination & decarboxylation, urea cycle and its disorders 

Catabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine and their metabolic disorders (Phenyketonuria, Albinism, alkeptonuria, tyrosinemia) 

Synthesis and significance of biological substances; 5-HT, melatonin, dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline 

Catabolism of heme; hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice 

UNIT IV 

Nucleic acid metabolism and genetic information transfer 

Biosynthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides 

Catabolism of purine nucleotides and Hyperuricemia and Gout disease 

Organization of mammalian genome 

Structure of DNA and RNA and their functions 

DNA replication (semi conservative model) 

Transcription or RNA synthesis 

Genetic code, Translation or Protein synthesis and inhibitors

UNIT V 

Enzymes 

Introduction, properties, nomenclature and IUB classification of enzymes 

Enzyme kinetics (Michaelis plot, Line Weaver Burke plot) 

Enzyme inhibitors with examples 

Regulation of enzymes: enzyme induction and repression, allosteric enzymes regulation 

Therapeutic and diagnostic applications of enzymes and isoenzymes 

Coenzymes –Structure and biochemical functions

Practical

1. Qualitative analysis of carbohydrates (Glucose, Fructose, Lactose, Maltose, Sucrose and starch)

2. Identification tests for Proteins (albumin and Casein) 

3. Quantitative analysis of reducing sugars (DNSA method) and Proteins (Biuret method) 

4. Qualitative analysis of urine for abnormal constituents 

5. Determination of blood creatinine 

6. Determination of blood sugar 

7. Determination of serum total cholesterol 

8. Preparation of buffer solution and measurement of pH 

9. Study of enzymatic hydrolysis of starch 

10. Determination of Salivary amylase activity 

11. Study the effect of Temperature on Salivary amylase activity. 

12. Study the effect of substrate concentration on salivary amylase activity.

Recommended Books (Latest Editions) 

1. Principles of Biochemistry by Lehninger. 

2. Harper’s Biochemistry by Robert K. Murry, Daryl K. Granner and Victor W. Rodwell. 

3. Biochemistry by Stryer. 

4. Biochemistry by D. Satyanarayan and U.Chakrapani 

5. Textbook of Biochemistry by Rama Rao. 

6. Textbook of Biochemistry by Deb. 

7. Outlines of Biochemistry by Conn and Stumpf 

8. Practical Biochemistry by R.C. Gupta and S. Bhargavan. 

9. Introduction of Practical Biochemistry by David T. Plummer. (3rd Edition) 

10. Practical Biochemistry for Medical students by Rajagopal and Ramakrishna. 

11. Practical Biochemistry by Harold Varley.