MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY – III

Study of the development of the following classes of drugs, Classification, mechanism of action, uses of drugs mentioned in the course, Structure activity relationship of selective class of drugs as specified in the course and synthesis of drugs superscripted by (*) 

UNIT – I 

  • Historical background
  • Nomenclature 
  • Stereochemistry
  • Structure activity relationship
  • Chemical degradation 
  • Classification and important products of the following classes.
  • Penicillin
  • Cepholosporins
  • β- Lactamase inhibitors
  • Monobactams 
Aminoglycosides: 
  • Streptomycin
  • Neomycin
  • Kanamycin 
Tetracyclines: 
  • Tetracycline
  • Oxytetracycline
  • Chlortetracycline
  • Minocycline
  • Doxycycline 

UNIT – II

  • Historical background
  • Nomenclature 
  • Stereochemistry 
  • Structure activity relationship 
  • Chemical degradation 
Classification and important products of the following classes :-
  • Macrolide: Erythromycin Clarithromycin, Azithromycin. 
  • Miscellaneous: Chloramphenicol*, Clindamycin. 
  • Prodrugs: Basic concepts and application of prodrugs design. 
Antimalarials: Etiology of malaria
  • Quinolines: SAR, Quinine sulphate, Chloroquine*, Amodiaquine, Primaquine phosphate, Pamaquine*, Quinacrine hydrochloride, Mefloquine. 
  • Biguanides and dihydro triazines: Cycloguanil pamoate, Proguanil. 
  • Miscellaneous: Pyrimethamine, Artesunete, Artemether, Atovoquone. 

UNIT – III

Anti-tubercular Agents 

  • Isoniozid*
  • Ethionamide 
  • Ethambutol 
  • Pyrazinamide 
  • Para amino salicylic acid* 
  • Rifampicin
  • Rifabutin
  • Cycloserine
  • Streptomycine
  • Capreomycin sulphate 

Urinary tract anti-infective agents 

Quinolones: 
  • SAR of quinolones
  • Nalidixic Acid
  • Norfloxacin
  • Enoxacin
  • Ciprofloxacin*
  • Ofloxacin
  • Lomefloxacin
  • Sparfloxacin
  • Gatifloxacin
  • Moxifloxacin 
Miscellaneous: 
  • Furazolidine
  • Nitrofurantoin*
  • Methanamine. 

Antiviral agents: 

  • Amantadine hydrochloride
  • Rimantadine hydrochloride
  • Idoxuridine trifluoride
  • Acyclovir*
  • Gancyclovir
  • Zidovudine
  • Didanosine
  • Zalcitabine
  • Lamivudine
  • Loviride
  • Delavirding
  • Ribavirin
  • Saquinavir
  • Indinavir
  • Ritonavir

UNIT – IV

Antifungal agents: 

  • Amphotericin-B 
  • Nystatin 
  • Natamycin 
  • Griseofulvin. 
  • Clotrimazole
  • Econazole
  • Butoconazole
  • Oxiconazole 
  • Tioconozole 
  • Miconazole*
  • Ketoconazole
  • Terconazole
  • Itraconazole
  • Fluconazole
  • Naftifine hydrochloride
  • Tolnaftate*
  • Metronidazole*
  • Tinidazole
  • Ornidazole
  • Diloxanide
  • Iodoquinol
  • Pentamidine Isethionate
  • Atovaquone
  • Eflornithine
  • Diethylcarbamazine citrate*
  • Thiabendazole
  • Mebendazole*
  • Albendazole
  • Niclosamide
  • Oxamniquine
  • Praziquantal
  • Ivermectin
Historical development, chemistry, classification and SAR of Sulfonamides: 
  • Sulphamethizole
  • Sulfisoxazole
  • Sulphamethizine
  • Sulfacetamide*
  • Sulphapyridine
  • Sulfamethoxaole*
  • Sulphadiazine
  • Mefenide acetate
  • Sulfasalazine. 
Folate reductase inhibitors: 
  • Trimethoprim*
  • Cotrimoxazole
Sulfones: Dapsone*

UNIT – V 

Introduction to Drug Design 

Various approaches used in drug design. 

Physicochemical parameters used in quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) such as partition coefficient, Hammet’s electronic parameter, Tafts steric parameter and Hansch analysis. 

Pharmacophore modeling and docking techniques. 

Combinatorial Chemistry:

Concept and applications chemistry: solid phase and solution phase synthesis.

PRACTICAL

I Preparation of drugs and intermediates 

1 Sulphanilamide 
2 7-Hydroxy, 4-methyl coumarin 
3 Chlorobutanol 
4 Triphenyl imidazole 
5 Tolbutamide 
6 Hexamine 


II Assay of drugs 

1 Isonicotinic acid hydrazide 
2 Chloroquine 
3 Metronidazole 
4 Dapsone 
5 Chlorpheniramine maleate 
6 Benzyl penicillin 

III Preparation of medicinally important compounds or intermediates by Microwave irradiation technique 

IV Drawing structures and reactions using chem draw® 

V Determination of physicochemical properties such as logP, clogP, MR, Molecular weight, Hydrogen bond donors and acceptors for class of drugs course content using drug design software Drug likeliness screening (Lipinskies RO5) 

Recommended Books (Latest Editions) 

1. Wilson and Giswold’s Organic medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry. 
2. Foye’s Principles of Medicinal Chemistry. 
3. Burger’s Medicinal Chemistry, Vol I to IV. 
4. Introduction to principles of drug design- Smith and Williams.
5. Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences. 
6. Martindale’s extra pharmacopoeia. 
7. Organic Chemistry by I.L. Finar, Vol. II. 
8. The Organic Chemistry of Drug Synthesis by Lednicer, Vol. 1-5. 
9. Indian Pharmacopoeia. 
10. Text book of practical organic chemistry- A.I.Vogel.

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