HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-1

HAP COMPLETE STUDY MATERIAL

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Unit I 

Introduction to human body 

• Definition and scope of anatomy and physiology
• Levels of structural organization and body systems
• Basic life processes
• Homeostasis
• Basic anatomical terminology

Cellular level of organization 

• Structure and functions of cell
• Transport across cell membrane
• Cell division
• Cell junctions 
• General principles of cell communication
• Intracellular signaling pathway activation by extracellular signal molecule

- Forms of intracellular signaling: 

a) Contact-dependent 

b) Paracrine 

c) Synaptic 

d) Endocrine 

Tissue level of organization 

Classification of tissues, structure, location and functions of epithelial, muscular and nervous and connective tissues. 

Unit II 

Integumentary system 

Structure and functions of skin

Skeletal system 

• Divisions of skeletal system
• Types of bone
• Salient features and functions of bones of axial and appendicular skeletal system Organization of skeletal muscle
• Physiology of muscle contraction
• Neuromuscular junction.

Joints 

Structural and functional classification

Types of joints movements and its articulation

Unit III 

Body fluids and blood  

• Body fluids
• Composition and functions of blood
• Hemopoeisis
• Formation of hemoglobin
• Anemia
• Mechanisms of coagulation
• Blood grouping
• Rh factors
• Transfusion, its significance and disorders of blood
• Reticulo endothelial system.  

Lymphatic system 

• Lymphatic organs and tissues
• Lymphatic vessels
• Lymph circulation and functions of lymphatic system

Unit IV 

Peripheral nervous system 

Classification of peripheral nervous system

Structure and functions of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. 

Origin and functions of spinal and cranial nerves. 

Special senses 

Structure and functions of eye, ear, nose and tongue and their disorders. 

• Eye
• Ear
• Skin 
• Tongue & Nose

Unit V 

Cardiovascular system 

• Heart – anatomy of heart
• Blood circulation
• Blood vessels
• Structure and functions of artery, vein and capillaries
• Elements of conduction system of heart and heart beat, its regulation by autonomic nervous system
• Cardiac output
• Cardiac cycle
• Regulation of blood pressure, pulse, electrocardiogram
• Disorders of heart.