PHARMACOGNOSY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY II

UNIT-I 

Metabolic pathways in higher plants and their determination 

a) Brief study of basic metabolic pathways and formation of different secondary metabolitesthrough these pathways- Shikimic acid pathway, Acetate pathways and Amino acid pathway. 

b) Study of utilization of radioactive isotopes in the investigation of Biogenetic studies. 

UNIT-II 

General introduction, composition, chemistry & chemical classes, biosources, therapeutic uses and commercial applications of following 

secondary metabolites: 

Alkaloids:

• Vinca
• Rauwolfia
• Belladonna
• Opium

Phenylpropanoids and Flavonoids: 

• Lignans
• Tea
• Ruta 

Steroids, Cardiac Glycosides & Triterpenoids: 

• Liquorice
• Dioscorea
• Digitalis 

Volatile oils: 

• Mentha, 
• Clove
• Cinnamon 
• Fennel
• Coriander 

Tannins: 

• Catechu 
• Pterocarpus 

Resins

• Benzoin
• Guggul
• Ginger
• Asafoetida, 
• Myrrh, 
• Colophony 

Glycosides: 

• Senna
• Aloes
• Bitter 
• Almond 

Iridoids, Other terpenoids & Naphthaquinones: 

• Gentian 
• Artemisia
• Taxus 
• Carotenoids 

UNIT-III 

Isolation, Identification and Analysis of Phytoconstituents 

  a) Terpenoids: Menthol, Citral, Artemisin 

  b) Glycosides: Glycyrhetinic acid & Rutin 

  c) Alkaloids: Atropine,Quinine,Reserpine,Caffeine 

  d) Resins: Podophyllotoxin, Curcumin 

UNIT-IV

Industrial production, estimation and utilization of the following phytoconstituents:

• Forskolin
• Sennoside
• Artemisinin
• Diosgenin
• Digoxin
• Atropine
• Podophyllotoxin
• Caffeine
• Taxol
• Vincristine
• Vinblastine

UNIT V

Basics of Phytochemistry 

Modern methods of extraction, 

Application of latest techniques like 

• Spectroscopy, 
• Chromatography 
• Electrophoresis 

in the isolation, purification and identification of crude drugs. 

PRACTICAL

1. Morphology, histology and powder characteristics & extraction & detection of: Cinchona, Cinnamon, Senna, Clove, Ephedra, Fennel and Coriander 

2. Exercise involving isolation & detection of active principles 

a. Caffeine - from tea dust. 

b. Diosgenin from Dioscorea 

c. Atropine from Belladonna 

d. Sennosides from Senna 

3. Separation of sugars by Paper chromatography 

4. TLC of herbal extract 

5. Distillation of volatile oils and detection of phytoconstitutents by TLC 

6. Analysis of crude drugs by chemical tests: 

(i) Asafoetida 

(ii) Benzoin

(iii) Colophony 

(iv) Aloes 

(v) Myrrh 

Recommended Books: (Latest Editions) 

1. W.C.Evans, Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy, 16th edition, W.B. Sounders & Co., London, 2009.

 

2. Mohammad Ali. Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, CBS Publishers & Distribution, New Delhi. 

3. Text book of Pharmacognosy by C.K. Kokate, Purohit, Gokhlae (2007), 37th Edition, Nirali Prakashan, New Delhi. 

4. Herbal drug industry by R.D. Choudhary (1996), Ist Edn, Eastern Publisher, New Delhi. 

5. Essentials of Pharmacognosy, Dr.SH.Ansari, IInd edition, Birla publications, New Delhi, 2007 

6. Herbal Cosmetics by H.Pande, Asia Pacific Business press, Inc, New Delhi. 

7. A.N. Kalia, Textbook of Industrial Pharmacognosy, CBS Publishers, New Delhi, 2005. 

8. R Endress, Plant cell Biotechnology, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1994. 

9. Pharmacognosy & Pharmacobiotechnology. James Bobbers, Marilyn KS, VE Tylor. 

10. The formulation and preparation of cosmetic, fragrances and flavours. 

11. Remington’s Pharmaceutical sciences. 

12. Text Book of Biotechnology by Vyas and Dixit. 

13. Text Book of Biotechnology by R.C. Dubey.