HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

HAP COMPLETE STUDY MATERIAL

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Topics

1. Scope of anatomy and physiology 

   Basic terminologies used in this subject (Description of the body as such planes and terminologies) 

2. Structure of cell – its components and their functions.

3. Elementary tissues of the human body:  

• Epithelial, connective,
• Muscular and nervous tissues-their sub-types and characteristics 

4. a) Osseous system  

Structure, composition and functions of the Skeleton. (done in pactical clasess - 6hrs                                        

     b) Classification of joints, Types of movements of joints and disorders of joints (Definitions only)

5. Haemopoetic System

     a) Composition and functions of blood 

     b) Haemopoesis (3D animation) and disorders of blood components (definition of disorder) 
     c) Blood groups 
     d) Clotting factors and mechanism
     e) Platelets and disorders of coagulation 

6. Lymph 

 a) Lymph and lymphatic system, composition, formation and circulation. 
  
b) Spleen: structure and functions, Disorders 
  
c) Disorders of lymphatic system (definition only) 

7. Cardiovascular system 

  a) Anatomy and functions of heart
  b) Blood vessels and circulation (Pulmonary, coronary and systemic circulation) 
  c) Electrocardiogram (ECG) 
  d) Cardiac cycle and heart sounds
  e) Blood pressure – its maintenance and regulation 
   f) Definition of the following disorders 

• Hypertension, 
• Hypotension, 
• Arteriosclerosis,
•  Atherosclerosis, 
• Angina, 
• Myocardial infarction, 
• Congestive heart failure, 
• Cardiac arrhythmias 

8. Respiratory system 

a) Anatomy of respiratory organs and functions 
b) Mechanism / physiology of respiration and regulation of respiration 
c) Transport of respiratory gases 
d) Respiratory volumes and capacities, and 
e)Definition of: 

• Hypoxia, 
• Asphyxia, 
•  Dybarism, 
• Oxygen therapy and resuscitation. 

3D Images related to the topic

• Breathing Dynamics

• Lungs: Coronal Cross Section

• Alveoli anatomy

• Alveoli and Bronchiole Damage from Smoking

9. Digestive system

  a) Anatomy and physiology of GIT  (3D View: Female, Male)
  b) Anatomy and functions of accessory glands of GIT 
  c) Digestion and absorption 
  d) Disorders of GIT (definitions only)

10. Nervous system 

  a) Definition and classification of nervous system 
  b) Anatomy, physiology and functional areas of cerebrum 
  c) Anatomy and physiology of cerebellum 
  d) Anatomy and physiology of mid brain 
  e) Thalamus, hypothalamus and Basal Ganglia 
   f) Spinal card: Structure & reflexes – mono-poly-planter 
  g) Cranial nerves – names and functions 
  h) ANS – Anatomy & functions of sympathetic & parasympathetic N.S. 

11. Urinary system

  a) Anatomy and physiology of urinary system 
  b) Formation of urine 
  c) Renin Angiotensin system – Juxtaglomerular apparatus - acid base Balance 
  d) Clearance tests and micturition 

12. Endocrine system  (3D View: Female, Male)

 a) Pituitary gland 
 b) Adrenal gland 
 c) Thyroid and Parathyroid glands 
 d) Pancreas and gonads 

13. Reproductive system 

 a) Male and female reproductive system 
 b) Their hormones – Physiology of menstruation 
 c) Spermatogenesis & Oogenesis 
 d) Sex determination (genetic basis) 
 e) Pregnancy and maintenance and parturition 
 f) Contraceptive devices 

3D Images related to the topic

• Male reproductive system
• Female reproductive system
• Male reproductive system Cross section
• Breast anatomy
• Breast cross section
• Mammography
• Female Pelvis cross section
• Pregnancy by week

14. Sense organs 

 a) Eye (3D View)

b) Ear (3D View)

c) Skin (3D View)
 
d) Tongue & Nose (3D View)

15. Skeletal muscles 

 a) Histology 
 b) Physiology of Muscle contraction 
 c) Physiological properties of skeletal muscle and their disorders (definitions) 

16. Sports physiology 

 a) Muscles in exercise, Effect of athletic training on muscles and muscle performance, 
 b) Respiration in exercise, CVS in exercise, Body heat in exercise, Body fluids and salts in       exercise, 
 c) Drugs and athletics

HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY (PRACTICAL)

List of Experiments: 

1. Study of tissues of human body 
   (a) Epithelial tissue. 
   (b) Muscular tissue. 

2. Study of tissues of human body 
   (a) Connective tissue. 
   (b) Nervous tissue. 

3. Study of appliances used in hematological experiments. 

4. Determination of W.B.C. count of blood. 

5. Determination of R.B.C. count of blood. 

6. Determination of differential count of blood. 

7. Determination of 
      (a) Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate. 
      (b) Hemoglobin content of Blood. 
      (c) Bleeding time & Clotting time. 

8. Determination of 
         (a) Blood Pressure. 
         (b) Blood group. 

9. Study of various systems with the help of charts, models & specimens 
(a) Skeleton system part I-axial skeleton. 
(b) Skeleton system part II- appendicular skeleton. 
(c) Cardiovascular system. 
(d) Respiratory system.
(e) Digestive system. 
(f) Urinary system. 
(g) Nervous system. 
(h) Special senses. 
(i) Reproductive system. 

10. Study of different family planning appliances. 

11. To perform pregnancy diagnosis test. 

12. Study of appliances used in experimental physiology. 

13. To record simple muscle curve using gastroenemius sciatic nerve preparation. 

14. To record simple summation curve using gastroenemius sciatic nerve preparation. 

15. To record simple effect of temperature using gastroenemius sciatic nerve preparation. 

16. To record simple effect of load & after load using gastroenemius sciatic nerve                         preparation. 

17. To record simple fatigue curve using gastroenemius sciatic nerve preparation.