MEDICINAL BIOCHEMISTRY

MEDICINAL BIOCHEMISTRY COMPLETE STUDY MATERIAL

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MEDICINAL BIOCHEMISTRY QUESTION BANK

1. Introduction to biochemistry: 

• Cell and its biochemical organization, 
• transport process across the cell membranes.
•  Energy rich compounds; ATP, Cyclic AMP and their biological significance.

2. Enzymes

Definition; Nomenclature; IUB classification; Factor affecting enzyme activity; Enzyme acti on; enzyme inhibition. Isoenzymes and their therapeutic and diagnostic applications; Coenzymes and their biochemical role and deficiency diseases.

3. Carbohydrate metabolism
Glycolysis, Citric acid cycle (TCA cycle), HMP shunt, Glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis. Metabolic disorders of carbohydrate metabolism (diabetes mellitus and glycogen storage diseases); Glucose, Galactose tolerance test and their significance; hormonal regulation of carbohydrate metabolism

4 Lipid metabolism

Oxidation of saturated (-oxidation); Ketogenesis and ketolysis; biosynthesis of fatty acids, lipids; metabolism of cholesterol; Hormonal regulation of lipid metabolism. Defective metabolism of lipids (Atheroslerosis, fatty liver, hypercholesterolmiea).

5 Biological oxidation

Coenzyme system involved in Biological oxidation. Electron transport chain (its mechanism in energy capture; regulation and inhibition); Uncouplers of ETC; Oxidative phosphorylation.

6 Protein and amino acid metabolism

Protein turn over; nitrogen balance; Catabolism of Amino acids (Transamination, deamination & decarboxylation). Urea cycle and its metabolic disorders; production of bile pigments; hyperbilirubinemia, porphoria, jaundice. Metabolic disorder of Amino acids.

7 Nucleic acid metabolism

Metabolism of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides; Protein synthesis; Genetic code; inhibition of protein synthesis; mutation and repair mechanism; DNA replication (semiconservative /onion peel models) and DNA repair mechanism.

8 Introduction to clinical chemistry 

Cell; composition; malfunction; Roll of the clinical chemistry laboratory.

9 The kidney function test

Role of kidney; Laboratory tests for normal function includes- 
a) Urine analysis (macroscopic and physical examination, quantitative and semiquantitative tests.) 
b) Test for NPN constituents. (Creatinine /urea clearance, determination of blood and urine creatinine, urea and uric acid) 
c) Urine concentration test 
d) Urinary tract calculi. (stones)    

10 Liver function tests

Physiological role of liver, metabolic, storage, excretory, protective, circulatory functions and function in blood coagulation.

a) Test for hepatic dysfunction-Bile pigments metabolism.
b) Test for hepatic function test- Serum bilirubin, urine bilirubin, and urine urobilinogen.
c) Dye tests of excretory function.
d) Tests based upon abnormalities of serum proteins. Selected enzyme tests.    

11 Lipid profile tests: 

Lipoproteins, composition, functions. Determination of serum lipids, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides.

12 Immunochemical techniques 

for determination of hormone levels and protein levels in serum for endocrine diseases and infectious diseases. Radio immuno assay (RIA) and Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA)

13 Electrolytes

Body water, compartments, water balance, and electrolyte distrubution. Determination of sodium, calcium, potassium, chlorides, bicarbonates in the body fluids

Text books (Theory) 

a. Harpers review of biochemistry - Martin 
b. Text book of biochemistry – D.Satyanarayana 
c. Text book of clinical chemistry- Alex kaplan &Laverve L.Szabo

PRACTICAL 

1 Qualitative analysis of normal constituents of urine.*
 2 Qualitative analysis of abnormal constituents of urine.*
3 .Quantitative estimation of urine sugar by  Benedict's reagent method **
4 Quantitative estimation of urine chlorides by Volhard's method.**
 5  Quantitative estimation of Urine sugar by  Jaffe's method
6 Quantitative estimation of urine calcium by precipitation method.**
7. Quantitative estimation of serum cholesterol by Liberman method*
8. Preparation of Folin Wu filtrate from blood*
9 Quantitative estimation of blood creatinine.**
10 Quantitative estimation of blood sugar Folin-Wu tube method.**
11 Estimation of SGOT in serum.**
12 Estimation of SGPT in serum.**
13 Estimation of Urea in Serum.**
14 Estimation of Proteins in Serum.**
15 Determination of serum bilirubin**
16 Determination of Glucose by means of Glucoseoxidase.**
17 Enzymatic hydrolysis of Glycogen/Starch by Amylases.**
18 Study of factors affecting Enzyme activity. (pH & Temperature)
19. Preparation of standard buffer solutions and its pH measurements (any two)*
20 Experiment on lipid profile tests**
21 Determination of sodium,calcium and potassium in serum.** ** indicate major experiments & * indicate minor experiments